The present findings showed that after PA14 infection, the mRNA levels of selected immune-related genes (namely, irg-1, hsf-1, lys-1, spp-1, and abf-1) (Ctrl + PA14) were significantly suppressed 20% to 80% compared with that of the uninfected group (Ctrl + OP50) (Fig. 3A and 3B) without Se(IV) treatment. Here, SPP1 is linked to infection.