VEGFA and neoplasm: Exposure of NB cells to SDF-1 leads to upregulated expression of integrins like VLA2, VLA3, VLA6, CD56, C-kit, cytokines, and growth factors such as TNF-α, vascular-endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF), IL-8, and GM-CSF, which are involved in tumor cell proliferation and survival in BM microenvironment.