However, it has been observed that HIV-1 Nef has the ability to selectively downregulate HLA class I A and B molecules to minimize cytotoxic T lymphocyte scrutiny while maintaining HLA-C expression and this has led to an approval of the role of HLA-C as a T-cell restriction element, particularly in HIV-1 infection [48]. The gene discussed is HLA-C; the disease is HIV-1 infection.