There are numerous reports indicating that cellular and molecular defects in the insulin signaling pathways are present in VSMCs derived from animal models (Hsueh 1999; Blaschke et al. 2006; Esfandiarei et al. 2011), diabetic patients (White et al. 2006; Draznin 2010), and from healthy individuals in culture conditions mimicking insulin resistance (Cersosimo et al. 2012). Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.