HOXD3 and lung carcinoma: Human lung carcinoma A549 epithelial cells transfected with HOXD3 exhibit an increase in β3 integrin expression and this modification promotes migratory and invasive behavior [33, 60]. HOXD3 expression elicits phenotypic changes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), switching them from a resting to angiogenic or invasive state by enhancing αvβ3 integrin expression [47].