VEGFA and breast cancer: For example, MSCs can promote breast cancer neoangiogenesis, possibly thorough the secretion of macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), VEGF, TGF-β, and IL-6 [187] and display potent immunomodulatory properties [188] that enable them to inhibit CTLs and NK cells by stimulating Tregs through the release of TGF-β1 [189].