Furthermore, the reduction or induced mutation of SOD1 in astrocytes has been shown to induce neuronal degeneration and injury in ischemic and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) murine models (Kondo et al., 1997; Kim et al., 2001; Blackburn et al., 2009; Papadeas et al., 2011). Here, SOD1 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.