TNF and infection: Regarding the potential influence of anti-TNF-α-based therapy on the setting of adaptive immune functional responses against viral and bacterial antigens, previous reports in different inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, and Crohn's disease, showed that most common adverse events are represented by the occurrence of infections and by an unexpected high frequency of reactivation of latent tuberculosis infections (LTB), which are often severe and characterized by extrapulmonary and disseminated lesions [58].