In active SLE, especially those with renal involvement, HMGB1 levels were higher than healthy controls and were associated with a high SLE disease activity index, proteinuria, anti-double-stranded DNA autoantibodies, decreased levels of the complement protein C3, and the presence of high levels of anti- HMGB1 autoantibodies [53]. This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus.