Paracrine stimulation by pro-inflammatory moleculessuch as TNF-α, IL-1β, and MIP-2, leads to increased synthesis of chemokines andexpression of cell adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1, E-selectin, and vascularcell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) by cerebrovascular endothelial cells[52], which may increase anchorageof tumor cells and eventually lead to facilitated cellular invasion from thecirculation into the brain [53].These same changes may directly or indirectly lead to increased ability of MDSCs,TAMs, and TANs to enter the brain and further influence tumor cell entry acrossthe BBB. Here, VCAM1 is linked to neoplasm.