TLR3 and infection: Figure 1C, D shows that IRF3 phosphorylation is unaffected by inactivated virus and is triggered by WNV infection between 24 and 36 hours post-infection. Similar kinetics of IRF3 phosphorylation were observed regardless of the presence or absence of TLR3; however, the amounts of phosphorylated IRF3 appeared slightly elevated in TLR3-expressing cells compared to Nulls at late times post infection. This is likely due to the convergence of TLR3-dependent and –independent pathways of IRF3 activation in HEK293-TLR3 cells at late times post-infection (Figure 1D, 36 hpi).