HMGB1 and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: It has become clear that HMGB1-dependent autophagy promotes chemotherapy resistance,11,12,28-35 sustains the tumor metabolism requirement19,20 and T cell survival,36 prevents polyglutamine aggregates37 and excitotoxicity,38 and protects against endotoxemia, bacterial infection, and ischemia-reperfusion injury.26