GDNF and ischemia: As showed in Figures 3(b) and 3(f), the mRNA levels of growth factors/receptors and neurotrophins/receptors (such as Bdnf, Cntf, Fgf, Gdnf, Ngf, and their receptors) were mostly upregulated after one shot single-time EA and remained upregulated after multiple EA treatment; for example, Fgf2 and Fgfr1 mRNA expression remarkably rose after single-time EA and further increased after multiple EA (~18.1- and ~3.2-fold higher than those in ischemia group, resp).