APOL1 and HIV-associated nephropathy: In addition, recent studies have shown a strong association between HIVAN and the APOL1 gene on human chromosome 22 (93) and, although not found in glomeruli, significant accumulation of Gb3 was found in renal tubular epithelial cells of HIV transgenic mice (94) (Table 1) indicating a possible role for (sphingo-) lipid metabolism in HIVAN.