Further studies are needed to determine the roles of the EP2 receptor in the renal fibrosis and the downstream effectors and genes targeted by the COX2/PGE2/EP4/cAMP signaling axis and to elucidate how these elements actively affect the function of TGF-β in the development and progression of renal fibrosis. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and renal fibrosis.