ADIPOQ and diabetic kidney disease: In addition, plasma level of adiponectin was proposed as a biomarker for T2DM, hypertension, and obesity [41, 42]; ADIPOQ SNPs were linked with plasma adiponectin level among the Caucasian population [11, 12] and metabolic syndrome [9, 10]. ADIPOQ polymorphisms and T2DM or diabetic nephropathy had also been evaluated from many populations: for example, the European-derived [17, 18], the Asian [14, 16, 40], the non-European South African [43], and the African American [44] populations.