Despite such functional evidence, PARL (and genes in the immediate vicinity of PARL) have not been implicated with T2D in the most recent association meta-analysis of 27 case-control cohorts totalling 22,669 cases and 58,119 controls of primarily European descent or with fasting insulin and glucose levels for up to 133,010 nondiabetic individuals (Morris et al., 2012). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.