In a similar study using a Burkholderia pseudomallei infection model, it was noted that IL-18 release was drastically reduced in Asc−/− and Nlrp3−/− mice, although it was still detectable in these mice at higher levels than uninfected mice, leading to the conclusion that inflammasome-independent production of IL-18 may be sufficient to provide some level of protection against infection with low dosages of Burkholderia pseudomallei [32]. Here, PYCARD is linked to infection.