TNF and diabetes mellitus: Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of saffron extract on a model of diabetes mellitus and its effects on serum lipid profiles, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a marker for inflammation, and oxidative stress parameters in this process and the other aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the cognitive function and hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of saffron extract on diabetic encephalopathy in STZ-induced rats.