For example, somatic disruption of KEAP1/CUL3 E3-ubiquitin ligase complex components also promote activation of NF-κB in lung cancer, by compromising degradation of the NF-κB activator, IKBKB [24]; given the extensive functions of NF-κB, this may have broad implications to a multitude of biological systems of particular relevance to cancer. This evidence concerns the gene KEAP1 and lung cancer.