Findings of previous studies suggested that, unlike the highly inflammatory baseline presentation being predictive of TBM-IRIS, paradoxical CM-IRIS is predicted by a paucity of inflammation at CM diagnosis, as evidenced by a lack of CSF leukocytes and/or normal protein level [23, 24] and lower CSF concentrations of cytokines and chemokines (ie, IL-6, interleukin 8, TNF, and IFN-γ) [24]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and meningeal tuberculosis.