At the time of TBM diagnosis, patients who subsequently developed TBM-IRIS, compared with those who did not, showed significantly increased CSF T-helper 1 cells (IFN-γ and IL-18) and other proinflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-6, interleukin 1β, G-CSF, and GM-CSF), IFN-α2, chemokines (CCL2–4, CXCL1-3, CXCL8, and CXCL 10), neutrophil-associated mediators (human neutrophil peptides 1–3, lipocalin 2, C5a, and S100A8/A9), MMP-1, MMP-7, MMP-10, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 (Figure 2 and Supplementary Table 3). Here, TNF is linked to meningeal tuberculosis.