For example, a reduced amount but unchanged distribution of Cx43 (the predominant connexin in ventricular GJ channels) in left ventricular epicardium was found to be associated with slowed ventricular conduction in a rapid pacing canine model of heart failure (HF), while significantly increased lateralization (enhanced redistribution) of Cx43 and slowed ventricular conduction in left ventricular epicardium was reported by others in the same canine HF model [21], [35]. This evidence concerns the gene GJA1 and heart failure.