AGE-modified serum proteins, such as CML, may interact with vascular endothelium via RAGE, which can activate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), leading to enhanced expression of adhesion molecules and secretion of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and VEGF. Here, TNF is linked to chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive.