Aldose reductase (ALR2), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), paraoxonase1 (PON1), angiotensin converting, and plasminogen activator inhibitor1 (PAI) are some of the genes that are shown to be associated with diabetic retinopathy. This evidence concerns the gene AKR1B1 and diabetic retinopathy.