TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: In the work by Xia and coworkers, it is illustrated that Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) acts as a proliferation-specific transcription factor in cell growth of HCC and HIF-1 directly binds to the FoxM1 promoter induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which suggests that the TNF-α/HIF-1-induced upregulation of FoxM1 expression may promote the proliferation of hepatoma cells and their resistance to apoptosis [49].