More specific observations of the link between Fe and ER stress include upregulation of the ER chaperons BiP and calreticulin (CRT) in Fe-loaded astrocytoma (Ye and Connor, 2000); increased BiP expression in the livers of dietary Fe-loaded mice (Petrak et al., 2007); reduced mRNA and protein expression of the major blood Fe transporter Tf was found in transfected Hep 3B hepatoma cells overexpressing CHOP (You et al., 2003; Figure 4). This evidence concerns the gene HSPA5 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).