KRCC1 and pyelonephritis: Isolates virulence factors had already been determined by multiplex PCR and described by us: 57.6% (n = 38) were positive for S fimbriae gene sfa; 1.5% (n = 1) for afimbrial adhesion I gene afaI; 42.4% (n = 28) for haemolysin gene hly; 40.9% (n = 27) for cytotoxic necrotizing factor I gene cnfI; 34.8% (n = 23) for aerobactin gene aer; and 42.4% (n = 28) for pyelonephritis-associated pili gene pap[12].