Additional experiments with ICAM-1−/− mice in the present study confirmed that LPS-induced ALI in animals ventilated with HTV is clearly ICAM-1-dependent, whereas the lung injury caused by HTV alone might (at least in part) be independent of ICAM-1 and reflect the physical cell damage caused by cyclic stretch [33,39,40]. Here, ICAM1 is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.