FOXO3 and cancer: Previously, our laboratory identified a novel mechanism by which cancer cells can impair the tumor suppressive function of FOXO3 protein by the oncogenic IKK-β-mediated phosphorylation of the serine-644 residue in FOXO3 (FOXO3-pS644) protein that leads to the translocation of FOXO3 from the nucleus into the cytoplasm in cancer cells (11,12).