S100 proteins have previously been found to be up-regulated at the protein level (S100A8, S100A9) [69], and at the mRNA level (S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, S100A7A and S100A12) [27], [29], [30], [70] in cholesteatoma. The gene discussed is S100A7; the disease is cholesteatoma.