Conversely, CQ, but not rapamycin, increased the activation of caspase-3 in NDV/FMW-infected A549/DDP cells compared with NDV/FMW infection alone (Figure 3A), while treatment with CQ rather than rapamycin significantly increased apoptosis and necrosis or a late necrosis consecutive to apoptosis in NDV/FMW-infected A549/DDP cells, as demonstrated by the FACS analysis (Figure 3C and 3D, **p <0.01). Here, CASP3 is linked to infection.