HMOX1 and infection: Accordingly, pharmacological concepts to modify iron homeostasis and iron trafficking in an attempt to combat infection have always to keep in mind that a positive effect on one infection may have devastating effects on the course of another infection as seen in models of malaria where tolerance induction via overexpression of HO improves the course of malaria but increases the risk for bacterial infections such as Salmonellosis (Portugal et al., 2011; Gozzelino et al., 2012).