AIFM1 and melanoma: In our study, despite hypericin localizing to the mitochondrion and potentially causing mitochondrial outer membrane permeability (MOMP) upon light-activation, there was no evidence for the induced expression of the cleaved, lethal AIF fragment (57 kDa) in any of the melanoma cells (Fig. 7D, Fig. S3), suggesting that AIF-mediated caspase-independent apoptosis are not induced in our experimental system.