If immune responses to the RF species B. duttonii would depend solely on T-cell independent B-cell activation through TLR2 stimulation one would rather expect a more vigorous response against RF in a co-infection situation with Plasmodium. We have shown that induction of ECM during co-infection is a multifactorial event where likely several cell-to-cell signaling mechanisms are deranged. Here, TLR2 is linked to coinfection.