In vitro treatment with NTZ did not affect CD80 mRNA expression in cultures stimulated with ODN-2336, a type A ODN that induces large amounts of IFN-α by PDCs [19], nor did it result in increased expression of CD49d, HLA-DR, TLR9, CCR7, IL-6, or IL-12 mRNA in PDCs, as observed ex vivo in NTZ-treated MS patients, either when PDCs were stimulated with ODN-2006 or -2336 (Fig. 4A). Here, TLR9 is linked to myeloid sarcoma.