Interestingly, numerous studies in mice document that vitamin D signaling suppresses the renin-angiotensin-system and that vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased activity of the renin-angiotensin-system (Li et al., 2002; Zhou et al., 2008; Szeto et al., 2012; Weng et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene REN and vitamin D deficiency.