WEE1 and Parkinson disease: In addition, manipulation of specific intracellular signaling cascades by either overexpressing or inhibiting signaling protein kinases has revealed that they modulate most PD neurotoxin effects (Malagelada et al., 2006; Zhu et al., 2007, 2012; Nakaso et al., 2008; Cui et al., 2011; Bao et al., 2012; Piao et al., 2012).