Consistent with results obtained in U87 cells, treatment of primary glioma cell cultures with curcumin, EF-24 and DDN all resulted in significant inhibition of FA pathway activation in response to Temozolomide treatments as measured by both reduced mono-ubiquitination of FANCD2 (Figure 2C) and a reduced ability to form FANCD2 nuclear foci (Figures 2D and S1D). This evidence concerns the gene FANCD2 and glioma.