INS and chronic kidney disease: The established risk factors described in the development of post-cardiac surgery AKI include female gender, congestive cardiac failure, ejection fraction of < 40%, employment of intra-operative IABP, long CPB and ACC time, COPD, insulin requiring diabetes mellitus, left main coronary artery occlusion, prior cardiac surgery, pre-existing CKD and combined valvular surgery and CABG.