TXNIP and endothelial dysfunction: The Txnip-TRX interaction can produce multiple processes consequently including increasing intracellular ROS [9–11], activating stress signaling pathway of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK-1), increasing intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression, and finally resulting in endothelial dysfunction [10, 12–14].