TNF and melanoma: It was recently shown that TEM-8 is upregulated in tumor-associated endothelial cells after exposure to interleukin-1β (IL-1β) [21]; interestingly, IL-1β, together with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and other cytokines produced by tumor cells (melanoma included) [22], can negatively affect the differentiation of monocyte-derived DC in vitro [23].