RAF1 and central nervous system cancer: mTORC2 activity is elevated in gliomas and promotes growth and cell motility via the overexpression of rictor [31], although it has been reported that rictor silencing by siRNAs in human glioma cell lines and primary GBM cells induces MMP-9 activity and enhances the invasive potential of glioma cells through the Raf-1-MEK-ERK signaling pathway [32].