MDR, HIF-1α and mTORC1 are important chemo-resistance factors [31,32,33], while cordycepin inhibits mTORC1 activation down-regulates HIF-1α/MDR expression (see Figure 3), thus we tested the potential chemo-sensitization effect of cordycepin with gemcitabine or 5-FU, two frequently-used chemotherapeutic agents for human gallbladder cancer treatment [34,35]. Here, HIF1A is linked to gallbladder cancer.