TNF and fungal infectious disease: It has also to be noted that blockade of TNF biological activity in IBD therapy may result in several adverse side effects [82], including acute or delayed hypersensitivity reactions to anti-TNF agents [96, 97], elevated risk of bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, and fungal infections [98] (although meta-analysis of clinical trials did not show increased rate of infections in the course of anti-TNF treatment [89]), or neurological complications [99–101].