CXCL12 and Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: In a recent study regarding the expression of SDF-1 in nonvalvular paroxysmal or permanent atrial fibrillation, patients with SA had an impaired expression of SDF-1 compared with patients with ACS [59], which is in line with previously reported findings by Stellos et al. [60], showing increased platelet-bound-SDF-1 in patients with SA and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF), compared to patients on sinus rhythm or persistent/permanent AF (P < 0.05 for both), and patients with ACS presented with enhanced platelet-bound-SDF-1 compared with SA.