TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: HDs and RA patients had a similar percentage of iTNFα+ lymphocytes (LPS = 0.20 ± 0.04% for HDs vs 020 ± 0.04% for RA patients; LTA = 0.10 ± 0.02% for HDs vs 0.12 ± 0.02% for RA patients).The percentages of mTNFα+ CD14+ cells and the levels of supernatant TNFα in RA patients did not differ from those of HDs after TLR ligand cultures (Figure 1B to D).