TNF and atherosclerosis: One of the key regulators of inflammation, downstream of TLRs, is NFκB [43], [44], which has long been regarded as a pro-atherogenic factor, mainly because of its regulation of many pro-inflammatory genes (TNFα, IL-1, and IL-12) linked to atherosclerosis [45], [46], [47], [48] through different receptors [49], [50] in the macrophages.