TNF and osteoporosis: In terms of the mechanism that H. pylori infection affects the onset of osteoporosis, the effects of local and systemic inflammatory response by H. pylori infection are considered very important [4]. H. pylori infection causes chronic gastritis and induces an inflammatory response that may increase both the gastric and the systemic indexes of inflammatory cytokines [17], such as IL-1, 6, 8, and TNF-α, which may exert their effect in remote tissues [3, 9].