LCN2 and infection: NGAL was firstly isolated from the supernatant of human activated neutrophils [92]; later, it was evident that infection and inflammation, oxidative stress, cytokines, ischemia, cancer, intoxication, and other conditions leading to cellular necrosis, apoptosis, and death induce the rapid upregulation of NGAL synthesis in epithelial cells of various human tissues, including liver, lung, kidney, and trachea [93, 94].