CCL2 and acute liver failure: The direct contribution of CCL2 on BBB permeability and cerebral edema following acute liver failure is unknown; however, other studies have shown that microglia are able to recruit circulating monocytes into the brain following bile duct resection, a model that can be used to generate hepatic encephalopathy due to chronic liver injury, and that this recruitment was dependent on both CCL2 and CCR2[16].