It also promotes the expression of important cytokines which cause fibrosis, such as IL-6, TGF-β, etc. In kidney, overexpression of MCP-1 results in the accumulation of extracellular matrix in glomerular and tubules, causing glomerulosclerosis and renal interstitial fibrosis, eventually leading to renal failure [27]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to kidney failure.